1982 Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Mass Surveillance,

1982 Blueprint Thesis Statement-This paper will look at how George Orwell composed 1984 as a political explanation against tyranny. I Introduction II Summary of 1984 III Roles of significant Charters A. Older sibling B. Winston C. O'Brien D. Julia E. Retailer IV Propaganda A. Service of Truth B. Service of Love V Orwell's musings on Totalitarianism A. From life encounters B. From a journalists perspective VI Conclusion Introduction Orwell saw that each line of genuine work that I have composed since 1936 has been composed legitimately or in a roundabout way, against despotism and for just communism, as I get it (George Orwell). George Orwell has been a significant supporter of anticommunist writing far and wide War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, when the authoritarianism state, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and obliterated the city of London. I realize that building' said Winston at long last. Its a ruin now. It's in the road outside the Palace of Justice .' That's correct. Outside the Law Courts. It was besieged in-goodness numerous years prior' (Orwell 83). This mirrors Orwell's own background as a resident in war torn England and how he utilizes this in 1984. George Orwell is celebrated for two significant books which assault authoritarianism. The first is Animal Farm a parody depicting the pioneers of the Soviet Union as animals on an animal ranch. The subsequent novel is 1984 an account of tyrants who are in finished control of an enormous piece of the world after the Allies lost in World War II . The administration in this novel gives no opportunities to its residents. They live in dread since they fear having terrible musings about the administration of Oceania, a wrongdoing deserving of death. This is the jewel in Orwell's assortment of books against authoritarianism. This paper will show how George Orwell composed 1984 as a political explanation against despotism. 1984 is about existence in our current reality where no indiv idual flexibilities exist. Winston the principle character, is a man of 39 who isn't uncommon in either insight or character, however is sickened with the world he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a spot where history and the fact of the matter is revised to fit the gathering's convictions. Winston knows about the misrepresentations, since he makes them valid. This makes him annoyed with the legislature of Oceania, where Big Brother, an overwhelming figure, controls the individuals. His disappointment increments to a point where he defies the legislature in little manners. Winston's first demonstration of defiance is purchasing and writing in a journal. This demonstration is known as an idea wrongdoing and is deserving of death. An idea wrongdoing is any awful idea against the administration of Oceania. Winston carries out many idea wrongdoings and gets jumpy about being captured, which he knows is unavoidable (Greenblast 113). He becomes jumpy in light of the fact that he is trailed by a young lady who is effectively engaged with numerous local gatherings. Winston is fixated on the previous, a period before Oceania was under exacting fascism. He goes into an old fashioned shop and purchases a shell shrouded in glass which is another wrongdoing deserving of death. He sees a similar lady tailing him. Numerous contemplations race through his psyche I needed to assault you and afterward murder you subsequently. Fourteen days prior I considered truly crushing your head in with a cobblestone. In the event that you truly need to know, I envisioned that you had something to do with the Thought Police (Orwell 101). The young lady who was tailing him slipped him a note while at work. The note said I love you(90). They make arrangements to meet one another and carry on an illicit relationship. This relationship is another disobedience to the administration. It continues for quite a while. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be detached from the outsi de world. They meet a man named O'Brien who demonstrates that he is another progressive. Winston and Julia go to his home to meet with him. O'Brien gives than a dissident book to peruse. Not long after that, they are gotten by the Thought

Week Five Essay free essay sample

This venture goes ahead helpful, in light of the fact that will have a model to allude to; when the opportunity arrives to place it in to the Microsoft Project twentieth sure will be simpler. The apparatus that Pinto Book) the educator and the numerous thoughts that this class gave because of the support is additionally another a decent structure to alluded to, and wish we had more opportunity to investigated this Project Management devices , only somewhat more. Taking everything into account I am happy with the outcomes that and the instruction that I am taking from this class.I had consistently the interest to know how these huge organizations make extends those outcomes on grind progression for society and the remainder of the world. Assets 1. Undertakings are impromptu undertakings with a reasonable life cycle. Undertakings are nontraditional; they are exercises that are started varying, work for a predefined timeframe over a genuinely surely known advancement cycle, and are then disbanded. We will compose a custom exposition test on Week Five Essay or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They are transitory tasks. 2. Ventures are building hinders in the plan and execution of authoritative strategies.As we will see in later parts, ventures permit associations to actualize organization. Vide procedures. They are the chief methods by which organizations operational corporate-level targets. As a result, ventures are the vehicles for acknowledging organization objectives. For instance, Intels methodology for showcase entrance with ever ewer, littler, and quicker PC chips is acknowledged through its pledge to a constant flow of innovative work extends that permits the organization to consistently investigate the mechanical limits of electrical and PC building. 3.Projects are liable for the freshest and most improved items, administrations, and hierarchical procedures. Undertakings are apparatuses for advancement. Since they supplement (and frequently change) customary procedure situated exercises, numerous organizations depend on ventures as vehicles for going past ordinary exercises. Ventures are the venturing stones by which we push ahead. 4. Tasks give a way of thinking and procedure to the administration of progress. Change is a theoretical idea until we set up the methods by which we can make genuine adjustments in the things we do and produce.Sometimes called the structure squares of technique, ventures permit associations to go past straightforward explanations of goal and to accomplish real advancement. For instance, regardless of whether it is Toasts most recent half breed vehicle or Apples freshest telephone redesign, fruitful associations routinely request client info and input to all the more likely comprehend their preferences. As the vehicle of progress, the way wherein an organization builds up Its ventures has a lot to state about its capacity to improve and duty to change. 5.Project administration involves crossing useful and authoritative limits. Activities exemplify inner hierarchical joint effort by uniting individuals from different capacities over the organization. A venture focused on new item advancement may require the consolidated work of building, account, promoting, plan, etc. In like manner, in the worldwide business condition, numerous organizations have crossed hierarchical mandarins by framing long haul associations with Other firms so as to boost openings while underscoring proficiency and keeping a top on Costs.Projects are among the most widely recognized methods for advancing joint effort, both across capacities and across associations. 6. The customary administration elements of arranging; sorting out, inspiration, coordinating, and control apply to extend the board. Venture chiefs must be in fact knowledgeable, capable at regulatory capacities, willing and ready to expect positions of authority, and, most importantly, objective situated: The task outrage is the individual generally answerable for monitoring the enormous picture.The nature of undertaking the board duties ought to never be disparaged exactly in light of the fact that they are both various and basic to extend achievement. 7. The main results of an undertaking are the fulfillment of client prerequisites inside the requirements of specialized, cost, and calendar goals. Ventures are characterized by their impediments. They have limited financial plans, unmistakable calendars, and deliberately expressed details for fulfillment. For instance, a research paper task in a school class may incorporate subtleties evaluating structure, length, number of essential and auxiliary sources to refer to, thus forth.Likewise, in the Disneys Expedition Everest case model, the official driving the change procedure set up clear rules with respect to execution desires. Every one of these limitations both confine and barely characterize the focal point of the task and the alternatives accessible to the venture group. It is the very assignment of overseeing effective undertaking advancement inside such explicit limitations that makes the field so testing. 8. Activities are ended upon effective finish of execution goals ?or prior n their life cycle, if results no longer guarantee an operational or vital advantage.As we have seen, ventures vary (Pinto 2010 p. 206) Acts of God likelihood of occasions outside the ability to control of the venture group happening. Characterize ?ensure the undertaking is very much characterized, including all expectations, proclamation of work, and task scope. 2. Center ?start to design the hazard the executives procedure as a venture in its own right, just as deciding the best techniques for tending to extend chance, given the exceptional idea of the task being attempted. 3. Recognize ?survey the particular wellsprings of hazard at he start of the venture, including the need to design proper responses.This step necessitates that we first quest for all wellsprings of hazard and their reactions and afterward group these dangers in some way to organize or sort out them. 4. Structure-?audit and refine the way where we have arranged dangers for the venture, decide whether there are shared traits over the different dangers we have revealed (proposing basic reasons for the dangers that can be tended to at a more significant level), and make a parameterization plot for tending to these dangers.

The Irony of Abortion :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Irony of Abortion Ironicly, in a country that characterizes singular rights as remarkably sacrosanct, the most essential right to life is as a rule deliberately denied 1,500,000 people every year. This isn't done for the sake of God yet for the sake of decision, expert decision to be precise. As a matter of fact, such a large number of youthful moms wind up in undesirable circumstances which convey with them extremely troublesome and excruciating choices. This we can't ignore. They merit our leniency, empathy, and love as opposed to cruel words and uncharitable judgment. In any case, their troublesome predicament can never warrant an outlandish arrangement; the eradication of their unprotected child. Wiping out the issue settle nothing, however rather frequently triggers a long way of blame and sadness. In a scurry to take care of the issue, we overlook the drawn out ramifications for both mother and kid. Both will definitely endure. Our own has become a culture of death for the child..and the mother. One bites the dust genuinely, different starts biting the dust profoundly and inwardly. In this way under the standard of opportunity we oppress spirits. In a hunger for rights we regard nobody's privileges. What's more, in a craze to regard a lady's decision, we block her f rom settling on a decision as indicated by reality which would liberate her from a misguided feeling of freedom, from the lies of purposeful publicity, accommodation, and our me original. Most particularly, be that as it may, the privileges of the Creator are censured. The youngster who exists in the belly - just as the guardians of the kid - were made by God in an unadulterated demonstration of adoration. He reacted in affection to the association of a couple by giving them the endowment of a baby. It takes three to have a child; the mother, the dad, and Almighty God. They give the material component, while He gives the profound. They co-make with Him. He joins a spirit to the issue which they have given. So when guardians choose to prematurely end their recently considered youngster, it is a horrendous encroachment on the privileges of God. Only he is Master of life and passing, not we. We have no unavoidable option to pick when somebody will appear (we can do all in our capacity to achieve a kid, yet on the off chance that our Lord doesn't react, at that point nothing occurs.) Nor do we reserve the privilege to choose when somebody will stop to exist on this world.

How Long is a Term Paper or How to Arrange the Paper Properly

Term papers are something that all students must write. It comes with the territory of being in college. You’ll want to make sure that the term paper you are handing in follows a general outline that all term papers have in order to get a good grade. Every class and professor has slightly different requirements for their desired term papers. You will need to take a careful look at these specifications before your paper is complete. Before you get to that point though, here are some things that should always be included, plus some tips to answer your question ‘how long is a term paper?’. Introduction An introduction in a term paper doesn’t just mean that it’s one paragraph long. Although there should be an initial opening paragraph with something interesting about your topic to catch the reader’s eye. The introduction for a well-written and longer paper can be up to 2 pages long. There is no need to go over this limit. It should include a preview to your topic thesis, as well as the thesis statement itself. It will give some background knowledge and some points that will be discussed in detail later on in the paper. Body The body of a term paper is the most important perhaps. This is the heart of your essay and should be the longest portion. Depending on the required style, you may want to include subheadings to make the paper more organized. The body should hit on all your main points in detail. Each paragraph should have: A topic sentence. The first sentence of each paragraph should be a topic sentence. A topic sentence gives the reader the main idea of that paragraph. Arguments, examples, and supporting details. All of these need to be well planned and executed. They are for whatever case you are making, so they need to be strong and make sense. A good paragraph is anywhere from 5 to 10 sentences long. There should be several paragraphs under each subheading, if you have them. The body can be up to 10 pages long depending on the requirements of your term paper, so you really need to outline all the points you want to make before you start writing in order to be able to fulfill the length requirement. Conclusion Last but not least would be the conclusion. The conclusion is very important because it sums up and recaps all the points you have been making throughout your entire paper. Therefore, it needs to be thorough and not too short. In a term paper, a conclusion can be longer than a paragraph, especially if your term paper reflects research or an experiment you have carried out. It should include a summary, and some questions or ideas for further study on the particular topic. A term paper can be anywhere from 8 to 15 pages! This means that you will be doing a lot of work, but in the end it will be worth it. Remember these tips for 3 main sections of your paper and you will do great!

Coral Eugene Watts The Sunday Morning Slasher

Carl Eugene Watts, dubbed â€Å"The Sunday Morning Slasher,† murdered 80 women in Texas, Michigan and Ontario, Canada, from 1974-1982. Watts kidnapped his victims from their homes, tortured them either by slashing them with a knife until they bled to death or drowned them in a bathtub. Early Years Carl Eugene Watts was born in Fort Hood, Texas on November 7, 1953, to Richard and Dorothy Watts. In 1955, Dorothy left Richard. She and Carl moved to Inkstar, Illinois, right outside of Detroit. Dorothy taught art to kindergarten children, leaving much of Carls young development in the hands of her mother. She also started dating again, and in 1962 she married Norman Caesar. Within a few years, they had two girls. Watts was now the big brother, but it was a role he never embraced. Sadistic Sexual Fantasies At the age of 13, Watts suffered from meningitis and high fevers and he was pulled out of school for several months. During his illness, he entertained himself by hunting and skinning rabbits. He also enjoyed constant fantasies that involved torturing and killing girls. School had always been challenging for Watts. When he was in grammar school, he was a shy and withdrawn child and was often teased by the class bullies. His reading skills were far below that of his peers, and he struggled with retaining much of what was being taught. When Watts finally returned to his class after being sick, he was unable to catch up. The decision was made to have him repeat the eighth grade, which humiliated him. Watts, an academic failure, turned into a good athlete. He participated in the Silver Gloves boxing program that helped teach boys respect for themselves and discipline. Unfortunately for Watts, the boxing program stimulated his aggressive desire to attack people. He was constantly in trouble at school for physically confronting classmates, especially the girls. At the age of 15, he attacked and sexually assaulted a woman in her home. She was his customer on his paper route. When Watts was arrested, he told the police he attacked the woman because he just felt like beating someone up. Institutionalized In September 1969, after being prompted by his lawyer, Watts was institutionalized at the Lafayette Clinic in Detroit. It was there that doctors discovered that Watts had an IQ in the low 70s and suffered from a mild case of mental retardation that impeded his thought processes. However, after only three months, he was evaluated again and placed on outpatient treatment, despite the doctors final review which described Watts as paranoid with strong homicidal impulses. The doctor wrote that Watts behavioral controls were faulty and that he displayed a high potential for violently acting out. He ended the report by saying Watts should be considered dangerous. Despite the report, the young and dangerous Eugene Watts was allowed to return to school, his penchant for violence unknown to his unsuspecting classmates. It was a baffling decision that almost assured a deadly outcome. High School and College Watts continued high school after his release from the hospital. He returned to sports and poor grades. He also took drugs, was described as severely withdrawn. He was often disciplined by school officials for being aggressive and stalking his female classmates. From the time that Watts was released to the outpatient program in 1969 until the time he graduated high school in 1973, he only went to the outpatient clinic a few times, despite the fact that school officials were constantly having to deal with his violent episodes. After finishing high school. Watts was accepted to Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee on a football scholarship, but he was expelled after three months for stalking and sexually assaulting women and for being a prime suspect in the unsolved murder of a female student. Second Psychological Evaluation Watts was, however, able to return to college and was even accepted into a special scholarship and mentoring program sponsored by Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. Before attending the program, he was again evaluated at the outpatient facility and again the doctor said that Watts was still a danger and had a strong impulse to beat up women, but due to patient confidentiality laws, staffers were unable to alert Kalamazoo authorities or officials at Western Michigan University. On October 25, 1974, Lenore Knizacky answered her door and was attacked by a man who said he was looking for Charles. She fought back and survived. Five days later, Gloria Steele, 19, was found dead with 33 stab wounds to her chest. A witness reported speaking with a man at Steele’s complex, who said he was looking for Charles. Diane Williams reported being attacked on November 12, under the same circumstances. She survived and managed to see the attackers car and make a report to the police. Watts was picked out in a line-up by Knizacky and Williams and arrested on assault and battery charges. He admitted to attacking 15 females but refused to talk about the Steele murder. His attorney arranged for Watts to commit himself into the Kalamazoo State Hospital. The hospital psychiatrist investigated Watts background and learned that at Lane College, Watts was suspected of having possibly killed two women by choking them. He diagnosed Watts as having an anti-social personality disorder. Competently Dangerous Before Watts trial for assault and battery charges, he had a court-ordered evaluation at the Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The examining doctor described Watts as dangerous and felt he would most likely attack again. He also found him competent to stand trial. Carl, or Coral as he started to call himself, pleaded â€Å"no contest,† and received a one-year sentence on the assault and battery charges. He was never charged in the murder of Steele. In June 1976, he was out of jail and back home in Detroit with his mother. The Sunday Morning Slasher Emerges Ann Arbor is 40 miles west of Detroit and the home of The University of Michigan. In April 1980, the Ann Arbor police were called to the home of 17-year-old Shirley Small. She had been attacked and repeatedly cut with an instrument resembling a scalpel. She bled to death on the sidewalk where she fell. Glenda Richmond, 26, was the next victim. She was found near her doorway, dead from over 28 stab wounds.  Rebecca Greer, 20, was next. She died outside her door after being stabbed 54 times. Detective Paul Bunten headed a task force that had been formed to investigate what the newspapers had dubbed the murders of women by The Sunday Morning Slasher, but there was very little for Bunten to investigate. His team had no evidence and no witnesses to a long list of murders and attempted murders that had occurred within five months. When Sergeant Arthurs from Detroit read about the Slasher murders going on in Ann Arbor, he noticed that the attacks were similar to those that he had arrested Carl Watts for when he was a paperboy. Arthurs contacted the task force and gave them Watts name and the details of the crime. Within months, attacks in neighboring Wisteria, Ontario, were being reported that were of the same nature as those in Ann Arbor and Detroit. Adult, Father, and Husband By now, Watts was no longer a failing student with drug problems. He was 27 years old and working with his stepfather at a trucking company. He had fathered a daughter with his girlfriend, and later met another woman whom he married in August 1979, but who divorced him eight months later because of Watts’ strange behavior. More Murders, 1979-1980 In October 1979 Watts was arrested for prowling around in a Southfield, Detroit suburb. The charges were later dropped. Investigators noted that during the previous year, five women in the same suburb were assaulted on separate occasions, but with similar circumstances. None were killed, nor could any of them identify their attacker. During 1979 and 1980, attacks on women in Detroit and surrounding areas became more frequent and violent.  By the summer of 1980, whatever had been keeping Coral Watts uncontrollable urge to torture, and murder women at bay were no longer working. It was as if a demon had possessed him. Additionally, he was under tremendous stress as the investigators from Ann Arbor, and Detroit seemed to be getting closer to solving the identity of the â€Å"Sunday Morning Slasher.† Watts had no alternative: he needed to find a new killing zone. The Windsor, Ontario Connection In July 1980, in Windsor, Ontario Irene Kondratowiz, 22, was attacked by a stranger. Despite her throat being slashed, she had managed to live. Sandra Dalpe, 20, having been stabbed from behind, had also survived. Mary Angus, 30, of Windsor, escaped attack by screaming when she realized she was being followed. She picked Watts out of a photo line-up, but she was unable to identify for certain that her attacker had been Watts. Detectives discovered through highway cameras that Watts car was recorded as leaving Windsor for Detroit after each episode. Watts became Bunten’s leading suspect, and Bunten had a reputation for being a relentless investigator. Rebecca Huff's Book Is Found On November 15, 1980, an Ann Arbor woman contacted police after she became frightened when she discovered that she was being followed by a strange man. The women hid in a doorway, and the police were able to observe the man frantically searching for the woman. When the police pulled the man over in his car, they identified him as Coral Watts. Inside the car, they found screwdrivers and wood filing tools, but their most important discovery was a book that had Rebecca Huff’s name on it. Rebecca Huff had been murdered in September 1980. A Move to Houston In late January 1981, Watts was brought in on a warrant to give a blood sample. Bunten also interviewed Watts, but he could not charge him. The blood test also failed to link Watts to any crimes. By spring, Coral was sick of being hounded by Bunten and his task force and so made a move to Columbus Texas, where he found work at an oil company. Houston was 70 miles away. Watts began spending his weekends cruising the city streets. Houston Police Get a Heads Up, but Murders Continue Bunten forwarded Watts file to the Houston police, who located Watts at his new address, but they were unable to find any evidence linking him directly to any of the Houston crimes. On September 5, 1981, Lillian Tilley was attacked at her Arlington apartment and drowned. Later that same month, Elizabeth Montgomery, 25, died after being stabbed in the chest while out walking her dogs. Shortly afterward, Susan Wolf, 21, was attacked and murdered as she got out of her car to enter her home. Watts Is Finally Caught On May 23, 1982, Watts ambushed roommates Lori Lister and Melinda Aguilar at the apartment that the two women shared. He tied them up and then attempted to drown Lister in the bathtub. Aguilar was able to escape by jumping head first off of her balcony. Lister was saved by a neighbor and Watts was caught and arrested. The body of Michele Maday was found the same day, drowned in her bathtub in a nearby apartment. A Shocking Plea Deal Under interrogation, Watts refused to talk. Harris County Assistant District Attorney Ira Jones made a deal with Watts to get him to confess. Incredibly, Jones agreed to give Watts immunity to the charge of murder, if Watts would agree to confess to all of his murders. Jones was hoping to bring closure to the families of some of the 50 unsolved murders of women in the Houston area. Coral eventually admitted attacking 19 women, 13 of which he confessed to murdering. Admitting There Were 80 More Murders Eventually, Watts also admitted to 80 additional murders in Michigan and Canada but refused to give details because he did not have an immunity agreement for those murders. Coral pleaded guilty to one count of burglary with intent to kill. Judge Shaver decided that the bathtub and the water in the bathtub could be defined as deadly weapons, which would result in the parole board not being able to count Watts â€Å"good conduct time,† for determining his parole eligibility. Slippery Appeals On September 3, 1982, Watts was sentenced to 60 years in prison. In 1987, after a failed attempt to escape prison by slipping through the bars, Watts decided to begin appealing his sentence, but his appeal lacked the support of his attorney. Then in October 1987, unrelated to any of Watts appeals, the court decided that criminals must be told that a â€Å"deadly weapon† finding had occurred during their indictment and that failure to inform the criminal was a violation of the criminal’s rights. Watts Gets a Lucky Break In 1989, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals decided that, because Watts was not told that the bathtub and the water had been judged lethal weapons, he would not be required to serve his entire sentence. Watts was reclassified as a nonviolent felon which made him eligible for retroactive â€Å"good time earned† equaling three days for every one day served. Model prisoner and confessed murderer  Coral Eugene Watts would be  getting out of prison on May 9, 2006. Victims Say Hell No to Early Release Law As news spread about the possibility of Watts getting out of prison, there was a tremendous public outcry against the good time earned early release law, which eventually was abolished, but, because it was an applicable law during Watts trial, his early release could not be reversed. Lawrence Fossi, whose wife was murdered by Watts, fought the release with every possible legal maneuver he could find. Joe Tilley, whose young daughter Linda fought so hard to live, but lost her battle against Watts, as he held her under the water at the apartment complex swimming pool, summed up how most of the other families felt about Watts: Forgiveness cannot be bestowed when forgiveness is not sought. This is a confrontation with pure evil, with principalities and the powers of the air. Michigan's Attorney General Asks for Help When Mike Cox, who was Michigans Attorney General at the time, found out about the change in Watts sentence, he ran televised spots, asking the public to come forward if they had any information about the women that Watts was suspected of having killed. Texas had a plea arrangement with Watts, but Michigan did not. If they could prove Watts murdered any of the women who had turned up dead over the past few years in Michigan, Watts could be put away for life. Coxs efforts paid off. A Westland, Michigan resident named Joseph Foy came forward and said that Watts looked like the man whom he saw in December 1979 stabbing 36-year-old Helen Dutcher, who later died from her wounds. Watts Will Finally Pay for His Crimes Watts was shipped to Michigan  where he was  charged, tried and found guilty of murdering Helen Dutcher. On December 7, 2004, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In late July 2007 Watts again faced a jury after being arrested for the 1974 murder of Gloria Steele. He was found guilty and received a life sentence without possibility of parole. Slipping Through the Bars One Last Time Watts was sent to Ionia, Michigan where he was housed at the Ionia Correctional Facility, also known as the I-Max because it is a maximum security prison.  But he did not stay there long. About two months into his sentence he managed to slide his way out from behind the prison bars yet again, but this time would be his last time as only a miracle would save him now. On September 21, 2007, Coral Eugene Watts was admitted to a hospital in Jackson, Michigan and shortly after died of prostate cancer. The case of the â€Å"Sunday Morning Slasher† was permanently closed.

John Locke and Commercial Capitalism - 1697 Words

Political philosopher John Locke ideas and theories serve as a foundation in our democratic world. In the Second Treatise of Government sovereignty is placed in the hands of the people. Locke argues that everyone is born equal and has natural rights in the state of nature. He also argues that men have inalienable rights to life, liberty and property. The central argument around the creation of a civil society was with the protection of property. In this essay I will explain Lockes theory of property and how it is not anything other than a thinly disguised defense of bourgeois commercial capitalism. This statement is defended through Lockes personal background and his justifications for the inequalities of wealth. Locke did not†¦show more content†¦Also, if one person sells his labour to another he becomes property of that person, Â…the turfs my servant has cutÂ… become my property (Locke  §20). Locke also discusses the limitations on private property. One must leave enough for others and take only as much as one can use (Locke,  §33). He then applies this to acquiring land. Locke writes, As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the product of, so much is his property. He by his labour does, as it were, inclose it from the common. Nor will it invalidate his right, to say every body else has an equal title to it; and therefore he cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, without the consent of all his fellow-commoners, all mankindÂ….God and his reason commanded him to subdue the earth, i.e. improve it for the benefit of life, and therein lay out something upon it that was his own, his labour (Locke,  §32). Even though there are limitations, this paragraph shows how one can acquire a significant amount of private property. If one is extremely efficient and productive there will be a surplus of products that can be used. Since it is a sin to let products go to waste, Locke creates a system of barter. However a system of barter is not an efficient system. The value of items would be hard to determine. Therefore, Locke suggests a monetary system with a little piece of yellow metal, which would keep without wasting or decay, should be worth aShow MoreRelatedEssay about European Expansion Moves to the New World1653 Words   |  7 PagesThus in the beginning all the World was America. Interestingly, the development of Lockes ideas of property and money came at a time when Europeans expansion into the New World was just beginning to take hold (source). The very definition of economic imperialism is that countries expand their territories to collect resources in order to garner economic profit . 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In retrospect the French and American Revolutions appear to be a culmination of developments that originated in the Renaissance and Reformation, and the development of capitalism and a middle class in the commercial towns. Both of these 18th Century revolutions proclaimed that human rights should be considered self-evident and universal in the Declaration of 1776, the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789) and the Declaration of the Rights of Man andRead MoreThe Battle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism2286 Words   |  10 Pagesof European Socialism vs. American Capitalism† Let the battle begin, on the left we have European Socialism and on the right we have American Capitalism! Round One: What is Capitalism? Capitalism is regarded as an economic system and a political strategy distinguished by certain characteristics whose development is conditioned by numerous variables. So how is Capitalism viewed in the United States of America? American Capitalism can be viewed in multiple fashions:Read MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1601 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophers and thinkers were crucial to the progress of the enlightenment. Thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and Adam Smith were prominent figures of the enlightenment. They questioned religion, promoted secularism, and freedom. Most believed that the government was to be an extension of the people and should not be totalitarian. Locke and Rousseau were focused on protecting the people’s rights. Adam Smith focused on the economic aspects and promote d a free economyRead MoreEmergence of the Modern World1842 Words   |  7 Pagesoverland trade routes to the East had been blocked by 14th century due to the disintegration of the Mongol empire and the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Thus began the Age of Discovery with the search for new trade routes, the rise of merchant capitalism, and the desire to exploit the potential of a global economy (exploration, 2012). Several voyages were initiated along the African coast by Henry the Navigator that facilitated in the diffusion of the false notions and propaganda that had obstructed

Jacob Kassay Painter, Sculptor and Filmmaker Example For Students

Jacob Kassay Painter, Sculptor and Filmmaker Biography Jacob Kassay is a painter, sculptor, and filmmaker, born in Lewistown, NY. He is currently living and working in Los Angeles, CA. He received a BFA in photography in 2005 from The State University of New York, Buffalo. Kassay has had numerous solo exhibitions, including the MoMA PS1 in New York and the ICA in London, UK. One of his most important work is the â€Å"Untitled, 2010†, displayed in the ‘Art: Concept exhibition’ in Paris from February 23rd to April 6th 2013. The artwork was placed on 36 x 48-inch silver canvas during its exhibitions. The canvas was first coated with a layer of gesso and then turned over to a specialist who carried on an electroplating process before a thin layer of silver was applied. This is a process similar to how mirrors are normally made. This particular piece is considered a hybrid because the artist chose to use silver in distorting the reflection of its surroundings, which is contradictory to the actual functionality of a mirror. After the exhibitions had ended, the canvases were then destroyed and the stretcher bars recycled. Works by Jacob Kassay are mostly considered experimental and abstract, including his piece â€Å"Untilled, 2010. † He uses a mix of painting, sculpting and interactive installations as a deliberate response to space in different ways. Exhibition arrangements and how his pieces interact with the surrounding building and their audiences is key to understanding the principles behind his work. Kassay’s paintings are made to interact with, and form multiple dialogues amongst themselves. One can agree that they almost bring to life the space around them, showing the observer varying design experiences to the use of space. For example, from a purely experience point of view, Jacob’s silver paintings allow the viewer to experience the difference between ‘absence’ and ‘presence’. This was achieved through the electroplating method earlier described, a method that has its roots in early photography. They are also similar to blurry mirrors that would reflect the world around them. For his paintings, the change and movement of colors across their surfaces change in the light, continuously modifying their appearances throughout the day. The materials that Kassay uses are important because these would have the greatest effects on the form, surface and physicality of his works. Marks and scorched edges, which can be observed on his blank or monotone paintings could also be suggestive of their making processes. Jacob Kassay’s art also includes films and sculpture, which demonstrates other types of hybrid art: â€Å"In art forms, hybridity could mean the blurring of traditional distinct boundaries between artistic media such as painting, sculpture, film, performance, architecture, and dance. It also can mean crossbreeding art making with other disciplines, such as natural and physical science, industry, technology, literature, popular culture, or philosophy. Hybrid art forms expand the possibilities for experimentation and innovation in contemporary art† This paper features one painting from Jacob kassay’s series, which demonstrates hybridity through the use of silver. By skillfully utilizing the reflective properties of a mirror, Kassay’s painting does not reflect objects in the conventional manner, but instead, the sliver touch to it helps distort the observable image. So in essence, your reflection will be distorted, as well as the world around you. Also, the disassembly and destruction of the â€Å"untitled work† makes the piece a hybrid because, it is normal practice for most artists to sell or keep their work but Jacob Kassay destroys his in order to send a message to the viewers. Still in the same vein, the metallic objects reflect our bodies as dark, blurred-out shapes, turning us into pieces of art. .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 , .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .postImageUrl , .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 , .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:hover , .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:visited , .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:active { border:0!important; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:active , .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462 .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7af478ecdbf644da1adf573086483462:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journeyWhen we look at ourselves in a mirror we see imperfections and clarity but when we look at his art piece we are no longer clear and our bodies appear abstract. While observing the â€Å"Untitled, 2010† piece, self-image comes to mind because we often seek our imperfections by looking in a mirror. Jacob Kassay objective is to take away what appears to be a simple composition and abstract it using distortions. ‘Distortion’ is a term we often use to describe our imperfections; an example would be scars or freckles. As you gaze into the artwork, you see a dark blurry figure of yourself and the reflections of lights balancing out behind you in the background. As a self-evaluation exercise, when you think about the piece being destroyed, you can draw significance to those negative thoughts being destroyed as well; and thus recycled into positive thoughts about yourself. In the same abstract evaluation, ‘blurriness’ now brings a sense of forming historic memory representations of the transformation exercise. The artist is trying to say here that those ‘scars’ or ‘freckles’ should now be historic self-evaluations, representing a memory of how you used to evaluate yourself, thus the growth to the present ‘you’. Jacob Kassay’s art shows us that works, which do not seem to fit neatly into the classifications of traditional art, can have a larger impact on one’s self-worth. So, paintings that are filled with detailed strokes and dabs will not necessarily have more impact on one’s emotions. It is commonplace to equate comprehensive paintings with gold frames as High culture and gallery-worthy pieces of art, but Jacob Kassay’s â€Å"Untitled, 2010†piece motivates the formulation of a different perspective by including the viewer to his art. By focusing more about the impact and positioning of his piece and less about the appearance, it brings you into his world and motivates you to think more about the message. He creates art that is influenced by people’s daily living, informing viewers to enjoy life’s offerings whiles it last.

Mis Advance free essay sample

Advantage Energy Technology Data Center Migration Brain Smith, network administrator at Advanced Energy Technology (AET), has been given the responsibility of implementing the migration of a large data center to a new office location. Careful planning is needed because AET operates in the highly competitive petroleum industry. AET is one of five national software companies which provide an accounting and business management package for oil jobbers and gasoline distributors. A few years ago, AET jumped into the â€Å"application service provider† world.Their large data centre provides clients with remote access to AET’s complete suite of application software systems. Traditionally, one of AET’s primary competitive advantages has been the company’s trademark IT reliability. Due to the complexity of this project, Brian will have to use a parallel method of implementation. Although this will increase project costs, a parallel approach is essential if reliability is not to be compromised. Currently, AET’s data center is located on the second floor of a renovated old bank building in downtown, Corvallis, Oregan. We will write a custom essay sample on Mis Advance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company is moving to a new, one-level building located in a recently developed industrial complex at the Corvallis International Airport. On February 1, Brian is formally assigned the task by the Vice-President of Operations, Dan Whitmore, with the following guidelines: †¢From start to finish, it is anticipated the entire project will take three to four months to complete †¢It is essential AET’s 235 clients suffer no downtime. Whitmore advises Brian to come back to the Executive Committee on February 15, with a presentation on the scope of the project that includes costs, â€Å"first-cut† timeline, and proposed project team members. Brian had some preliminary discussions with some of AET’s managers and directors from each of the functional departments and then arranged for a full-day scope meeting on February 4 with a few of the managers and technical representatives from operations, systems, facilities, and applications. The scope team determined the following: †¢Three to four months is a feasible project timeline and first-cut estimate is $80,000-$90,000 (this includes the infrastructure upgrade of the new site). †¢Critical to the â€Å"no-downtime† requirement is the eed to completely rely on a AET’s remote disaster recovery â€Å"hot† site for full functionality. †¢Brian will serve as project manager of a team consisting of one team member each from facilities, operations/systems, operations/telecommunications, systems applications, and customer service. Brian’s Executive Committee report was positively received and, after a few modifications and recommendat ions, he was formally charged with responsibility for the project. Brian recruited his team and scheduled their first team meeting (March 1) as the initial task of this project planning process.Once the initial meeting is conducted, Brian can hire the contractors to renovate the new data centre. During this time Brian will figure out how to design the network. Brian estimates that screening and hiring a contractor will take about one week and then the network design will take about two weeks. The new center requires a new ventilation system. The manufactures requirements include an ambient temperature of 67 degrees to keep all of the data servers running at optimal speeds. The ventilation system has a lead time of three weeks.Brian will also need to order new racks to hold the services, switches, and other network devices. The racks have two weeks delivery time. The data centre supervisor requested that Brian replace all the old power supplies and data cables. Brian will need to order these as well. Because Brian has a great relationship with the vendor, they guarantee that it will take only one week lead time for the power supplies and the data cables. Once the new ventilation system and racks arrive, Brian can begin installing them. It will take one week to install the ventilation system and 3 weeks to install the racks.The renovation of the new data center can be as soon as the contractors have been hired. The contractors tell Brian that the construction will take twenty days. Once the construction begins and Brian installs the ventilation system and racks, the city inspector must approve the construction of the raised floor. The city inspector will take two days to approve the infrastructure. After the city inspection and after the new power supplies and cables have arrived, Brian can install the power supplies and run the cables.Brian estimates that it will take five days to install the power supplies and one week to run all of the data cables. Before Brian can assign an actual date for taking the network off line and switching to the hot remote site, he must get approval from each of the functional units (â€Å"Switch-over Approval†). Meetings with each of the functional units will require one week. During this time, he can initiate a power check to ensure that each of the racks has sufficient voltage. This will require only one day.Upon completion of the power check, he can take one week to install his test servers. The test servers will test all of the primary network functions and act as safeguard before the network is taken off line. The batteries must be charged; ventilation installed, and test servers up and running before management can be assured that the new infrastructure is safe, which will take two days. Then they will sign off the Primary Systems check, taking one day of intense meetings. They will also set an official date for the network move.Brian is happy that everything has gone well thus far and is convinced that the move will go just as smoothly. Now that an official date is set, the network will be shut down for a day. Brian must move all of the network components to the new data center. Brian will do the move over the weekend-two days- when user traffic is at low point. Tasks Deliverables:- 1. Identify the major tasks to be carried out. Please note, you might need to do bit more independent research in finding out all required tasks in migration projects. marks 2. Identify the order the tasks have to be developed. Can some tasks be done in parallel (at the same time) or serially (one task must finish before the next task starts) and break down the major tasks to the lower levels (as far as work package). 10 marks 3. Identify any major risks that could affect the delivery of the project or cause to exceed the project budget, time scale or increase the required resource. Construct a risk assessment table that will rate the impact of each risk that you identify. 5 marks 4.Determine the costs and provide a WBS containing these costs. The WBS should also contain a set of estimates that are mirrored on the WBS and should be capable of rolling-up to demonstrate the overall cost of the project and the individual cost of each sub deliverable. 10 marks 5. Create a work breakdown structure (WBS) for those tasks which have tangible outcomes such as build an office and a process breakdown structure (PBS) for those tasks which are process oriented. 10 marks 6. Can you link the two structures, i. e.WBS and PBS so one project manager can manage the project or do you have other suggestions? 5 marks 7. Develop a project plan using Project 2000 or other suitable software. 10 marks 8. Include an organisational Breakdown structure (OBS) to demonstrate the communication channels. 5 marks 9. Include critical path analysis to demonstrate the beginning to end of the project. 10 marks 10. Include a responsibility matrix. 5 marks 11. Write a report about your experiences, difficulties and challenges in solving this project. 5 marks

second draft essays

second draft essays Jurrasic Park Richard Graczyk JURASSIC PARK Crichton, Michael Publisher: Ballantine Books City Where Published: New York Date of latest copy: 1990 Edition: First Ballantine Books Edition: December 1991. 399 Pages, Hardcover I. A Brief Summary of the Plot. A billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind DNA that his crack team of scientists and experts extract he is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behind electrified fences. He has created a sort of theme park on the island which is located off the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. He plans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asks a group of scientists from several different fields to come and view the park, but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns traitor and shuts down the power. II. A Description of the Most Important Aspects of the Contents. The main characters in the book are: John Hammond who is a billionaire developer who has used his resources to create the dinosaur filled island known as Jurassic Park. He is an old grandfather, and he dies in the book by a dinosaur known as a Procompsognathus. Dr. Alan Grant who is a renowned paleontologist who agrees to visit Jurassic Park only to find out it is the home of several Dinosaurs. Unlike the movie Dr. Grant loves kids in the book. He also had a of a beard. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a Paleobotinist and Alan Grant who is among the first people to tour Jurassic Park. Tim who is the 11 year old grandson of John Hammond. He is kind of geeky, into computers and loves Dinosaurs. His 7 year older sister is Alexis. She has a kind of tomboy attitude and loves base-ball Ian Malcom is the Mathematician that uses "Chaos Theory" to predict disastrous results. he only wears black and gray. He is presumably dead i...

What are the psychological and developmental differences between Essay

What are the psychological and developmental differences between learning a first and second language - Essay Example Learning a second language is a similar method to learning a first language in that one undergoes developmental phases and depend on native speakers to give good comprehensible models of the language. This extraordinarily fast progress appears to ‘fly in the face’ of several acknowledged facts regarding the nature of language - so much so that it has turn out to be commonly recognized within the scientific society to consider language as well as learning as one of various totally unexplainable ambiguities that overwhelmed people in their lives on a daily basis. Even the cleverest of scientists in the present day do not know where to start with attempting to unravel the variety of intricacies that all of language carries. Nevertheless, the child moves forward, apparently with little regard to this alleged anonymity and continues with little effort to break the ‘revered system’. To begin with, parents give very little in the way of language training to the chi ld; opposite to what some might accept as true, parents do not instruct their children to talk. The majority of parents would not even have the means in which to explain language clearly to a child even if they would like to do so. Actually, parents use the majority of time correcting falsehoods instead of correcting incorrect grammars. If someone is a casual observer, he would believe children grow-up being little lawyers trying to find out facts instead of little linguists trying to find out proper assumptions to their language. ... By the time a child is 5 years old he has developed an intricate verbal language structure and can communicate his requirements, wants, feelings and emotions. However, there is still a long way to go. From the ages of 6 to 12 years, children carry on to make their verbal language more refined and become skilled at reading and writing for a range of contexts. Even as grown-ups, people carry on to develop the first language - including fresh expressions, developing more intricate reading, and writing expertise. Learning a second language is as well a continuing procedure. One can never actually declare that he is completely familiar with a language. Learning a second language is a similar method to learning a first language in that one undergoes developmental phases and depend on native speakers to give good comprehensible models of the language. However, several other factors have an effect on it, including what the first language is, how educated the individual is in his first langua ge and the child’s approach to the new language and culture (O’Malley & Chamot, p. 129, 1990). Proficiency in the first language is very critical in developing proficiency in a second language. If the child can shift abilities from the first to the second language learning, the new language will be a lot simpler. These not just incorporate literacy abilities but also educational proficiencies, thinking skills, subject understanding and learning approach (Bhatia & Ritchie, p. 236, 2009). A lot of individuals believe that young children are the most excellent language learners. One of the huge benefits of younger language learners is that they develop outstanding accent skills; however, younger language learners run the threat of learning a

Psychology in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Psychology in Education - Essay Example Curriculum should be designed in such a way that students could be developed morally, behaviorally, and socially without making compromises on the academic content. This is the only way confident and morally responsible students could be prepared in my instructional setting. As a teacher who is assigned to teach 9th to 12th graders in custody, I could adjust the curriculum content in such a way that it could then address and acknowledge the changing nature and desires of my students without favoring them completely. Wherever educational strategies fail, it happens mainly when the desires and ideas of the students are overlooked completely. To know my students’ interests, I would have their input in the curriculum development. First, I shall decide what topics to teach, then I shall discuss those topics with my students in the very first class, and encourage them to suggest alterations, modifications, and valuable insights so that the topics would occur and flow in a way that t hey find interest in. There would be certain topics that they would like to be taught first and others later. I would organize my chapters accordingly. I would also let them express how they would like their performance to be assessed. I would put a variety of assessment methods in front of them e.g. announced vs unannounced quizzes, oral vs written exams, individual assignments vs group assignments and would also tell them the pros and cons of each.

ComputerBased Applications in Aviation Education Essay

ComputerBased Applications in Aviation Education - Essay Example In the paper that follows, an explanation of the different procedures of technology and how they are used in modern aviation education shall be presented and well tackled. With ample research and understanding, it could be noted that the discussion of this matter could create a clearer picture as to how the entire process of technological adjustment has actually found better ways of increasing the comprehensive approach of the teaching matters that are used in improving the proper ways of enhancing students' skills on flying as well as in handling aircraft technical problems and maintenance issues. With systems of economic reform that the society is getting involved with today, education has become the most important aspect in an individual's life. In the United States today, according to the United States Census Bureau, a student's personal quest for educational enhancement and development is key to his/her long-term career and economic success. No longer are innate abilities and talents a key to a person's success or failure. Individual success or failure is now determined by the level of education that one particularly gained from studying.1 For this reason, education at some point becomes the medium of measurement among individuals in the society as to how they are supposed to be viewed in terms of possibilities of being successful. The prestige that garnering a higher level of education nowadays does not only mark a person in the society as someone who has the capability to stand for his own self, but it also remains as a mark among employers as to who among the many appl icants are they to hire for a certain position. Those who have the skills and may even have the talents find it hard enough to jump up to the executive ladder [especially for business establishment organizations].2 While on the other hand, those who have the educational attainment become the ones who are able to take place in higher positions at work, even though they may have lesser skills than that of the others who have not garnered an education as high as they do. Certainly, from this particular perspective, it could be noted that education today becomes a measuring tool for people as to how they may fare in life. Education at some point becomes an element of social classification that makes it possible for massive diversity to occur between those who have the capabilities of garnering high levels of educational attainment from those who cannot. This is primarily one of the effects of globalization within the dealings of the human society. It is undeniable that as the application of globalization progresses, the demand for highly competent workers [based on educational attainment] is indeed taken seriously by the employers at present. Furthermore, the challenge becomes much tougher because of the fact that as the globalization era comes into picture, the challenge in producing highly competent workers is presented to educators of the present systems of education. What are these challenges in particular Primarily, as globalization invites global neighbouring among nations around the world, immigration of students from different races becomes an eminent

Technology and Power :: Essays Papers

Technology and Power TV-Y: All children. The themes and elements in this program are specifically designed for a very young audience, including children from ages 2-6. TV-PG: Parental guidance suggested. The program may contain infrequent coarse language, limited violence, some suggestive sexual dialogue and situations. TV-M: Mature audiences only. This program may contain mature themes, profane language, graphic violence, and explicit sexual content (Craig ). These are just a few examples of the new rating system passed by the US Federal Communications Commission in January 1997. What television shows are appropriate for different age groups has been decided by the government. Is it not still up to the parents to decide what television their children will watch? In addition to the TV ratings that are now displayed at the start of each show, in the upper left-hand corner, they now have extra defining ratings. These include such things as V for violence, L for offensive language, and D for dialogue†¦sexual innuendo (Craig). At first glance, these types of ratings may seem like a good idea. All the responsibility of regulating a child's television viewing is gone, but this is not the case. "Each rating is assigned by the show's producer's, but there is no formal set of guidelines to apply." (NCTV). So it is not the government regulating television shows and setting standards for FCC ratings, it is the show's producers. This is something that many people may not realize when they sit down to watch a show and await the icon to appear in the left-hand corner of the television screen. There are many criticisms that go along with the validity of these ratings. For starters, violence, sex, and language are all placed in one category, for mature audiences. This gives us an extremely jaded view of what the show actually contains. There is violence in almost every news broadcast, which do not use the rating system, and some may feel a show containing a similar amount of violence is not categorized as mature. Also, each TV icon is displayed for only thirty seconds during the opening credits of the show. How many of us actually get to see the opening credits of every television show we watch? Media analyst, George Gerbner has established a set of four major problems with FCC television ratings. First, it does not work.

History Extended Essay

History Extended Essay 20th Century Stalinist Architecture How did the creation of Stalin’s ‘Seven Sisters’ transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world 1947-1957? On the Cover (Figure 1) – Kotelnicheskaya Embankment residential complex dominates over the Kremlin Cathedrals in Moscow’s skyline. 1. Abstract Stalin’s Seven Sister buildings (Vysotki) irreversibly transformed the vast skyline of Moscow, and ultimately aided Stalin in his pursuit of a contemporary European city after World War II.Although these massive architectural masterpieces hold a legacy that resonates magnificence throughout the architectural aspects of Stalin’s era, the Seven Sisters hold a controversial history behind them, considering the fact that the housing needs of the proletariat were disregarded after 1945 up until Khrushchev’s epoch. I have thus decided to investigate the means in which Stalinà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Seven Sister buildings transformed Moscow into a modern city whilst displaying Soviet communism to the world.Therefore, the subsequent question that comprehensively investigates the social, political and economic impacts of the Seven Sisters is: How did the creation of Stalin’s ‘Seven Sisters’ transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? This paper will investigate all the different aspects surrounding the creation of the Vysotki, and analyze the subsequent impacts on Soviet culture.This will be achieved by analyzing various primary and secondary sources regarding the Seven Sisters, along with a comprehensive interpretation of a lecture given in the Moscow Shchusev Architectural Museum that I attended on October 10th, 2012. Although the progression of Moscow into a contemporary European city is characterized by numerous different aspects, including the Moscow metro system and othe r forms of Stalinist architecture, the Seven Sisters ultimately defined Moscow with an architectural legacy that remains evident to present day.Therefore, Stalin’s Vysotki played a significant role in the creation of Moscow into a contemporary city, and presented Soviet Communism in Russia with architectural grandeur and magnificence. Abstract Word Count: 271 2. Introduction How did the creation of Stalin’s ‘Seven Sisters’ transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947 to 1957? In order to conceptualize the political, economic and social status of the Soviet Union after World War II, it is essential to evaluate the impact of the war on the USSR in multiple aspects.In 1945, while the Red Army controlled all of Eastern Europe and occupied such cities as Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Sofia, Budapest, Prague, Vienna and Warsaw, much of Russia’s European cities lay destroyed from 4 years of war . The Soviet population suffered an estimated 25 million deaths during the course of the war; a statistic that significantly exceeds the number of deaths of any other country in the world during the war. Similar to the decimation of its population, the Soviet Union’s economy was substantially depleted after the war.Approximately one fourth of Russia’s capital resources were destroyed, subsequently causing a dramatic decrease in the Soviet Union’s industrial and agricultural output, contrary to the output goals set forth by the Five Year Plans. On the other hand, the political status of the Soviet government had relatively positive prospects, as the Soviet Union was virtually the only power in Continental Europe to emerge from the war with the same political regime it had at the start of the war.Stalin remained in power throughout the course of the war, and essentially continued his oppressive rule after 1945, sending national minorities and even Soviet prisoners of war suspected of supporting fascism to mass exile. Despite the economic depression of the Soviet Union after World War II, Joseph Stalin thought the USSR needed a strategy to glorify its capital, Moscow, to celebrate the great victory and send a message to its former allies who were rapidly becoming its geopolitical rivals – the US and Western European Allies.Stalin’s architectural ideology at this point was not to resolve the crushing housing crisis and rebuild the devastated nation, but to spend a major portion of government funding on the building of what would become Moscow’s Seven Sister buildings, or Vysotki (literally translated as â€Å"high-rise buildings†). The original planning for the Seven Sisters was based on Boris Iofan’s prize-winning plan for the Palace of Soviets building, a grand political edifice that was meant to exceed the Empire State Building in overall height.Essentially, the creation of the Vysotki would allow Stalin t o leave his own personal imprint on the city’s skyline, and to rival many other world powers at the time – such as Great Britain and the United States, which had their own prized architectural landmarks recognized the world over. While the Palace of Soviets was never built, its construction repeatedly delayed by the onset of the war and diversion of steel to the munitions and weapons factories, the process did leave an indelible imprint on the city, as the monumental Cathedral of Christ the Savior was torn down to make room for the Palace. . Background Information Figure 2 – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Figure 2 – Ministry of Foreign Affairs The erection of the Vysotki started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II. The prospective plans for the creation of the Seven Sisters included three ministries, three hotels and one multi-purpose governmental building. In terms of location, the general plan for the placement of the buildings was to arrange the Seven Sisters in a circle, surrounding the center of Moscow.This plan was done to aesthetically balance the skyline of Moscow, as most of the buildings in the city at the time were at most six or seven stories in height. Strategically placing these huge, innovative structures evenly throughout the city would give Moscow a new aura to it after the war, and would essentially transform Moscow into a modern European city. The first of the Seven Sisters to be finished was the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building (see Figure 2), which was built from 1947 to 1954. The main architects behind this building were V. G. Gelfreih  and  A. B.Minkus, and the creation of this building ultimately set the benchmark for the next six Vysotki, as it stood out in the city with both magnificence and its grand scale. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs building had certain stylistic features that influenced the plans for the other six Vysotki, such as obelisks in the main entrance, the Soviet hammer an d sickle on the sides of the building, and the massive spire on top of the central tower. The specific use of the hammer and sickle symbol on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building suggests the Soviet Union’s strength, as it projected the power of the Soviet diplomacy world over.The building reached a total of 172 meters, including 27 stories, making it the tallest building in Moscow at the time. The second of the ministries, after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the Red Gates (Krasniye Vorota) administrative building. Designed by Alexei Dushkin, this administrative building is 133 meters tall, containing 24 usable floors. The method in which this Vysotka was built is particularly innovative, as Dushkin proposed erecting the building initially tilted to one side, so that the weak soil of Moscow would not have a negative impact on the structural stability of the building.More than 200 holes were drilled and filled with ice under the foundation of the building, to maintai n the soil’s strength while the building was being constructed. As this Vysotka concluded construction, the ice was deliberately melted and the tilted building shifted into an upright state, in which it currently stands. The purpose of this building was to house the Ministry of Railways, with whose officials Alexei Dushkin himself cooperated during the design and construction. Dushkin is known mostly for his work on the Moscow Metro stations; however, the Ministry of Railways holds a well-respected place in his architectural legacy.Although the initial plans for the Seven Sisters included three ministry buildings, only two were built, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Railways. The third ministry building was replaced by the Moscow State (Lomonosov) University building, upon Stalin’s demand. Drafted by Boris Iofan and inaugurated in 1953, the Lomonosov University building is 236 meters tall, with 36 floors. The sheer magnitude of this building dominat ed the Moscow skyline in its early years and is visible from many points of the city to this day. It still holds the title of being the world’s largest educational building.In this respect, Stalin partially achieved one of his objectives: the recognition of Moscow as a contemporary European city on a global scale. 4. Influences of Stalinist Architecture In order to analyze the effect of the Seven Sisters on the transition of Moscow to a contemporary European city, it is essential to establish Stalinist Architecture as a short-lived architectural style that experienced a definite starting point and definite end. This aspect of Stalinist architecture is specifically unique, as other styles of architecture are typically dispersed throughout long periods of history, without defined start and end dates.Therefore, the defined beginning of Stalinist architecture, sometimes referred to as Stalinist Gothic or Socialist Classicism, originated in 1933, with Boris Iofan’s design f or the massive Palace of Soviets building. Throughout a defined 20 year time period, Socialist Classicism reigned dominant in the Soviet Union as the preferred style of architecture. However, in 1955, two years after Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev issued a decree â€Å"On Excesses in Architecture† that deemed Stalinist architecture extinct and began the start of a new architectural age in Moscow and the rest of the Soviet Union.Khrushchev’s preferred style of architecture, compared to Stalin’s love for architectural magnificence and grandiose Roman Empire inspired design, was significantly more conservative, as Khrushchev and his administration focused on a pragmatic solution to the lack of housing for the masses in the Soviet Union. The architecture in Moscow after 1955 was therefore relatively simplistic and practical, and was ultimately defined by the khrushchyovka, 5 story, identical, pre-fabricated apartment buildings meant to house a significant amount of families in relatively tight quarters.Named after Khruschev himself, the key element of these buildings was the rapid production of their concrete panels in manufacturing plants and rapid assembly on site. The intent of these buildings was to resolve the housing shortage rapidly, as their life span was projected as 40 years – an architectural and construction strategy whose impact is now being acutely felt in modern Russia, as these building are now crumbling and require replacement.Figure 3 – Boris Iofan’s winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets – Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building would look like if it were constructed20. Figure 3 – Boris Iofan’s winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets – Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building would look like if it were constructed20. Shifting to the influences on Socialist Classicism as an architectural style, it is essential to consider the effect of Ancient Greek and Roman style on Soviet Architects from 1933 to 1955.As Boris Iofan’s winning design for the Palace of Soviets building essentially defined the boundaries of Stalinist architecture, Iofan’s individual influences must be taken into consideration (see Figure 3). After visiting New York, Chicago, Rome and Berlin, Iofan remarked in an issue of the Soviet newspaper Pravda that â€Å"wherever I [Iofan] might travel, whatever I might see, I approached everything from a particular point of view: what of all this has to be ‘taken home’ to the Soviet Union†.Therefore, Iofan’s ideology essentially reflects upon Stalinist architecture with influences from American, Italian (subsequently Roman), and German architecture. Although Stalin marveled at the Seven Sisters and Iofan’s Palace of Soviets plan, he ultimately contradicted himself and disregarded Iofan’s work as being too â€Å"cos mopolitan† (Western-influenced) and lacking stylistic features individual to the Soviet Union. 5. Relevance of Stalinist ArchitectureIn order to assess the relevance of Stalinist architecture between 1945-1957, it is important to put the events of the Cold War into context. First of all, tension between the United States and the Soviet Union continuously rose from 1945 to 1957, starting with the disagreements between the USA and the USSR at the Yalta conference in February 1945 and the Potsdam conference in July 1945. For instance, at the Yalta conference, Roosevelt and Churchill did not accept Stalin’s proposal to annex Eastern Poland.Furthermore, at the Potsdam conference, Stalin promised free elections past the Oder-Neisse line. However, free elections were never held and the Soviet government eventually persecuted Polish nationalists. In terms of economic reconstruction, the Soviet Union had joined the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1944. Ho wever, when the Soviet Union applied for a $6 billion loan from the United States, America immediately imposed conditions on the loan.These conditions included the opening of eastern European markets to American products, which in effect reflected the â€Å"dollar diplomacy† strategy of the United States – using its economic power and intact industry to reach its geopolitical goals on the devastated European continent. Stalin’s reaction to the forced conditions on the six billion dollar loan was undoubtedly negative. However, the Soviet Union was in great need of funding after its economy was significantly depleted after the war.However, Stalin had controversial aims as to what would be done with all government funding regarding the reconstruction of Russia after World War II. With millions of people deceased and hundreds of thousands of homes destroyed, it is argued by many historians that the building of Khrushchyovka, small and simplistic residential building s built to maximize housing space and housing multiple families in communal apartments, would more rapidly reconstruct Russia after the war.However, Stalin focused more on the creation of the Vysotki rather than Khrushchyovka, thus using a substantially larger portion of the government’s money on expensive, grand buildings, yet not spending enough on building pragmatic housing solutions that would have helped a much larger share of Soviet population. For example, the entire city of Stalingrad took approximately 2 billion Russian rubles to completely reconstruct after the war, however in comparison, the Moscow State Lomonosov University building took about 2. 6 billion Russian rubles alone, approximating 415 million British pounds in contemporary monetary terms.Stalin’s method of spending billions of rubles on the building of the Seven Sisters was immensely controversial. Nonetheless, while he remained in power very few people dared to oppose any of his decisions or his architectural ideology. In other words, up until March 1953, when Joseph Stalin died, Stalin’s cult of personality ultimately undermined any attempt to consider spending less governmental funds on the creation of the Vysotki. Public opinion after Stalin’s death was split, as one side favored the Seven Sisters, claiming that the new high-rise buildings essentially beautified the capital of Soviet Russia.Many others agreed with the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that Stalin’s spending spree on a few grand buildings did not benefit the Soviet Union and ultimately did more damage than good. One simple reason to criticize the Seven Sister project is that two of the grand buildings were built as hotels – Leningradskaya and Ukraine – catering to foreign tourists. However, the Cold War tensions slowed any tourism from the West to a trickle and the two hotels stood largely vacant, while millions of Russians struggled without adequate housing, their ho mes destroyed in the war. 6.Incorporation of the Seven Sisters into the City of Moscow In the architectural realm of the Soviet Union, the main project was to rebuild Moscow in an innovative and idealistically planned manner. This massive project to rebuild Moscow was placed in the hands of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, and in June 1931, a resolution was generated that essentially provided the guidelines of how each city was going to be rebuilt. The Union of Soviet Architects subsequently utilized these plans to determine the amounts of funding to be spent on the rebuilding of each Soviet city.Although the plans to reconstruct the city of Leningrad were considered the most prominent, the majority of funding was given to Moscow, as it was the nation’s capital. Therefore, the city of Moscow was to be deemed as the ideal â€Å"socialist city†, a utopia that reflected the ideology of Socialism and conveyed the positive link between architectural grandeur and Soviet achievements in all other realms of life – education, government, science, industry and the arts. However this model of a â€Å"socialist city† contained numerous ironies, due to the General Plan for Moscow’s components.The plan envisioned a relatively non-industrial landscape, as factories and other industrial plants were to be banned in central Moscow and mass housing (Kommunalka) significantly reduced. These plans, in effect, resembled the typical contemporary city of a capitalist society, such as the United States. Considering the incorporation of the Seven Sisters into Moscow in aesthetic terms, the general plans for rebuilding Moscow called for the Vysotki to be the predominant elements of the city’s skyline.Relating back to the initial plans of the prospective Seven Sisters, the design consisted of the seven high-rise buildings to be aligned in a circular formation. Although this was mainly done in order to balance the skyline of Moscow, thus avoiding the clutter of skyscrapers in a condensed area, Stalin proposed that this circular formation would psychologically and visually coronate the capital city of Russia. The Seven Sisters, would therefore â€Å"crown† Moscow, representing architectural jewels, much like the composition of a literal crown.This idea of crowning Moscow suggests multiple things, including Stalin’s vision for Soviet pride in the victory in World War II and nationalistic ideology, as well as the suggestion that Moscow with its Seven Sisters is superior and more grandiose in contrast with other contemporary European cities. Figure 4 – Moscow State University (Lomonosov University) 7. Moscow’s Progression into a Contemporary European City Figure 5 – Moscow Metro, Kievskaya Station Figure 5 – Moscow Metro, Kievskaya StationWith consideration to Moscow’s gradual progression into a contemporary European city, the Seven Sisters and numerous other archit ectural projects all contributed to the innovative re-imaging and rebuilding of Stalin’s showpiece city. Perhaps one of the most glorious aspects of Muscovite architecture in a way that affects the city’s enormous 15 million population to this day is the Moscow city metro system (see Figure 5). Initially opened for use in 1935, the Moscow Metro was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union.Although not only pragmatic in its use, moving close to 4 million people a day in 2012, the metro system in Moscow is famous for its stations’ architectural and artistic magnificence, complete with bronze chandeliers, marble floors and mosaic and sculptural art works unimaginable in the drab, utilitarian metro systems of New York or London. Furthermore, adding to the practicalities of the new Moscow, the urban planning of the city ultimately helped define Moscow as a modern European city. More specifically, it was the Moscow Master Plan of 1935 that ultimately o utlined the way Moscow was to be reconstructed.Stalin instigated a numerable amount of changes to the urban planning of Moscow, which in turn supported his funding of expensive â€Å"ensemble† projects, thus favoring luxury over the needs of millions of middle and lower class workers in the city. For instance, city blocks were to be increased from 2 hectares up to 15 hectares, and the population density was limited to 400 people per 1 hectare. Additionally, all new buildings were required to be at least 6 stories high, while first-rate streets (embankments) had to be 10 or 14 stories high.These new rules effectively banned the production of inexpensive and mass constructed housing units, as well as single-family houses. 8. Conclusion Figure 6 – Triumph Palace Figure 6 – Triumph Palace When evaluating the city of Moscow from an aesthetic point of view, it is the Seven Sisters that generally stand out most prominently among the vast skyline of Moscow. The Vysotki did not only leave a strong visual impact on the city, they also left both an architectural and social legacy that has proven to influence modern architecture throughout the world.There are numerous positive and negative impacts caused by the building of the Seven Sisters, which ultimately define the legacy of the massive Stalinist high-rises. First of all, Stalin’s Vysotki delivered a newfound architectural magnificence into the capital city of Moscow. With influences from Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the Seven Sisters gave the city a luxuriously grand aura. The stylistic features of the Seven Sister buildings have been repeated several times in modern architecture globally, thus proving to be an influential legacy left by the Vysotki.For instance, the Triumph Palace in Moscow, built in 2004, takes the architectural magnificence of the Vysotki and converts the features into a modern representation of a Seven Sister building (see Figure 6). This massive apartment bui lding purposefully resembles a Seven Sister building, and is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Eighth† Sister. However, relative to the issues challenging the nation at the time of the construction of Stalin’s Seven Sisters, the Vysotki left unanswered the more pragmatic and humanistic problems, as the housing crisis after World War II was not resolved.As mentioned previously, the total funding of the Lomonosov State University building exceeded the total funding for the reconstruction of the entire city of Stalingrad. Of course Stalingrad did not have nearly as many plans for grand buildings as Moscow, however the lack of housing in Stalingrad was resolved much more effectively than in Moscow, in light of a relatively lower need for funding in comparison with the capital city. In terms of Stalin’s architectural preferences, Moscow was to be reconstructed as the ideal socialist city, with all unattractive mass housing units moved to the outskirts of the city.Al though these buildings eventually solved the issue of the lack of housing, the dull nature of the Khrushchyovka was criticized by many, claiming that the buildings constructed under Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev were aesthetically unpleasant. The method of constructing these mass housing units was parodied by the Soviet popular film â€Å"Irony of Fate†, which was produced in 1975, approximately 20 years after the initial implementation of these buildings.When determining the relevance of Stalin’s Seven Sister buildings, the question must be asked: How did the creation of Stalin’s ‘Seven Sisters’ transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? Although the gradual transformation of Moscow into a modern European city is characterized by various different aspects, such as the urban planning and architecture of Moscow, the conclusion can be made that the Seven Sisters played a sig nificant role in Moscow’s progression.To a large extent, the Vysotki helped define the city of Moscow with an architectural legacy, and also gave Moscow the distinguished individuality that Stalin pushed for. In some aspects, Stalin’s Seven Sisters ultimately gave Moscow what the Khrushchyovka could not, architectural gems that are world-renowned to this present day. Sources: 1. Texts 1. Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. 2. Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton: Princeton University Press (2001). 3. Kustova, Anna. Moscow’s Seven Sisters. † Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 4. Kiernan, Maria. Moscow: A Guide to Soviet and Post-Soviet Architecture, Ellipis, London, 1998, p. 126. 5. Mark Harrison. â€Å"The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression. † Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. April 2012. Page 2. 6. Kathleen Berton. â€Å"Moscow: An Architectural History. † New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977. 7. Russian: , ? (Barzar, L. ), â€Å"?. ?. (M. A. Minkus)†, ?oscow, 1982. . William Craft Brumfield. â€Å"Landmarks of Russian Architecture: A Photographic Survey. † Singapore: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1997. 9. Katerina Clark. â€Å"Moscow, The Fourth Rome: Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. † Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011. 10. Russian: â€Å" 70 †, World Architecture Magazine, no. 14, 2005, . 30–52 (Moscow Metro, 70 Years, pages 30–52) 11. Melvyn P. Leffler, â€Å"Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War†,  International Security, Vol. 11, No. (Summer, 1986), pp. 88–123 12. Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007),  Warlords: An E xtraordinary Re-creation of World War  II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, Da Capo Press. 13. Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007),  From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, Cambridge University Press. 14. Russian: ? (?) 10 1935 ?. N 1435 â€Å"? † (SNK and the Central Committee of the CPSU. July 10, 1935 N 1435 â€Å"The Master Plan for Reconstruction of Moscow†) 2. Photographs 1. Fig. , Dmitry Chistoprudov, Misty Dawn Over Moscow: Kotelnicheskaya Embankment, 2011. Photograph. Own Work. 2. Fig. 2, Richard Anderson, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2009. Photograph. http://www. flickriver. com. 3. Fig. 3, Ilya Ilusenko, Palace of Soviets: The Soviet Union – 3D Max Rendering, May 11, 2012. Own Work. 4. Fig. 4, Dmitry A. Mottl, Lomonosov Moscow State University, September 21, 2012. Photograph. Own Work. 5. Fig. 5, A. Savin, Kievskaya Metro Station, 2010. Photograph. Own Work. 6. Fig. 6, Andreykov, Vikt orenko Street 10, 2011. Photograph. Own Work. ——————————————– 1 ]. Fig. 1, Dmitry Chistoprudov, Misty Dawn Over Moscow: Kotelnicheskaya Embankment, 2011. Photograph. Own Work. [ 2 ]. Mark Harrison. â€Å"The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression. † Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. April 2012. Page 2. [ 3 ]. Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. [ 4 ]. Stalin, Joseph; Molotov, Vyacheslav; Kaganovich, Lazar; Voroshilov, Kliment; Ordzhonikidze, Sergo; Kuibyshev, Valerian; Yakovlev, Yakov; Grinko, Grigoriy, From the First to the Second Five Year Plan.Moscow: Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the U. S. S. R. , 1933 [ 5 ]. 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